View source for US History - Trial of Clay Shaw

[[File:BroadTulaneMay06D.jpg|right|thumb|The trial was held at the Criminal Courts Building at Tulane & Broad in [[Mid-City New Orleans]].]]
[[File:Clay Shaw.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury in less than an hour of deliberation.]]
On March 1, 1967, [[New Orleans]] [[District Attorney]] [[Jim Garrison]] arrested and charged New Orleans businessman [[Clay Shaw]] with conspiring to assassinate [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]], with the help of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], [[David Ferrie]], and others. On January 29, 1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. A jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty. To date, it is the only trial to be brought for the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|assassination of President Kennedy]].

==Charges==
To support his prosecution of Clay Shaw, Garrison attempted to prove the following:
* Clay Shaw was the "[[Clay Bertrand]]" who purportedly contacted New Orleans attorney [[Dean Andrews Jr.|Dean Andrews]], to see whether Andrews would be interested in representing Oswald at trial.<ref name="Commission Exhibit No. 1931">[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0379b.htm Commission Exhibit No. 1931], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 726.</ref><ref name="history-matters.com">[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0171a.htm Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr.], Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 331.</ref><ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 p. 241">{{cite book| author = Anthony Summers| title = Not in your lifetime| url = http://books.google.com/?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ| date = September 1998| publisher = Marlowe & Co| isbn = 978-1-56924-739-6| page = 241 }}</ref><ref name="shaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.goochinfo.homestead.com/shaw.html |title=Clay Shaw and The JFK Assassination |publisher=Goochinfo.homestead.com |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref>
* Witnesses testified that they saw Oswald with Clay Shaw and David Ferrie in [[Clinton, Louisiana]], just two months before the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|JFK assassination]].<ref name="shaw"/><ref name="HSCA Final Assassinations Report">[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0086b.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report], House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 142.</ref>
* Vernon Bundy testified that he saw Lee Oswald and Clay Shaw together, on the seawall along [[Lake Pontchartrain]] in New Orleans during July 1963. He said that Shaw spoke with Oswald and gave Oswald some money.<ref name="shaw"/>
* Perry Russo testified that Clay Shaw, Oswald, and David Ferrie were present at a party at Ferrie's New Orleans apartment in September 1963, during which they discussed the assassination of JFK, including the "triangulation of crossfire" and the need to have an alibi for that day.<ref name="shaw"/><ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo2.txt Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's interview with Perry Russo], 27 February 1967, pp. 176-181.</ref><ref name="jfk-online1969">[http://www.jfk-online.com/pr01.html Testimony of Perry Raymond Russo], State of Louisiana vs. Clay L. Shaw, February 10, 1969.</ref>

==Key persons and witnesses==
{{Garrison JFK investigation}}
{{further|People involved in the trial of Clay Shaw}}
* '''[[Jim Garrison]]''', District Attorney of New Orleans, who believed, at various points, that the John F. Kennedy assassination had been the work of [[Central Intelligence Agency]] personnel, anti-Castro [[Cuban exile]]s,<ref name="jfklancer1967">[http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html Jim Garrison Interview], ''Playboy'' magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.</ref><ref name="Garrison, Jim 1988 p. 12">{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| pages = 12–13 }}</ref> "a homosexual thrill killing,"<ref name="abc">James Phelan, ''Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels'', (Random House, 1st Edition 1982) pp. 150-151.</ref><ref>Hugh Aynesworth, "The Garrison Goosechase", ''Dallas Times Herald'', November 21, 1982</ref> and ultra right-wing activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/suspects.htm |title=All Those Assassination Suspects |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> "My staff and I solved the case weeks ago," Garrison announced in February 1967. "I wouldn't say this if we didn't have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt."<ref name="maebrussell.com">[http://www.maebrussell.com/Garrison/Garrison%20Playboy%20Intvw%201.html Jim Garrison Interview], ''Playboy'' magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.</ref><ref>Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969), p. 84.</ref>
* '''[[Clay Shaw]]''', a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' [[French Quarter]], and director of the [[International Trade Mart]] in New Orleans.
* '''[[Perry Russo]]''', who, after David Ferrie's death, informed Garrison's office that he had known Ferrie in the early 1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President.<ref>Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1998), p. 304 fn. 4.</ref> He became Garrison's main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a white-haired man named ''Clem Bertrand'', whom he later identified in court as Clay Shaw.<ref name="jfk-online1969"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.htm |title=Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |date=1963-10-07 |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref>
* '''[[David Ferrie]]''', a former [[Eastern Airlines]] pilot and associate of Guy Banister. Ferrie drove from New Orleans to Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfk-online.com/dbdfhouston.html |title=David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination |publisher=Jfk-online.com |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> The trip was investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], and the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]]. These investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, Garrison became suspicious of the Warren Commission version of the assassination after a chance conversation with Louisiana Senator [[Russell Long]].<ref name="maebrussell.com"/> Ferrie died on February 22, 1967, less than a week after news of Garrison's investigation broke in the media. Garrison later called Ferrie "one of history's most important individuals".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maebrussell.com/Garrison/Garrison%20Playboy%20Intvw%201.html |title=Jim Garrison's ''Playboy'' interview |author=Eric Norden |date=October 1967}}</ref>

==Background==

The origins of Garrison's case can be traced to an argument between New Orleans residents [[Guy Banister]] and [[Jack Martin (investigator)#Jack Martin|Jack Martin]].  On November 22, 1963, the day that President [[John F Kennedy]] was assassinated, Banister [[pistol-whipping|pistol whipped]] Martin after a heated exchange. (There are different accounts as to whether the argument was over phone bills or missing files.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100banmar.html#N_3_ |title=JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372 |publisher=Jfk-online.com |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0067b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.</ref> Over the next few days, Jack Martin told authorities and reporters that Banister had often been in the company of a man named [[David Ferrie]] who, Martin said, might have been involved in the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0087a.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report], House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 143.</ref> Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie knew accused assassin [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] going back to when both men had served together in the [[New Orleans]] [[Civil Air Patrol]] and that Ferrie "was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination." Martin also said that Ferrie had driven to Dallas the night before the assassination, a trip which Ferrie explained as research for a prospective business venture to determine "...the feasibility and possibility of opening an ice skating rink in New Orleans."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0058b.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=290 FBI Interview of David Ferrie], November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89.</ref>

Some of this information reached New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, who quickly arrested Ferrie and turned him over to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin unreliable.<ref>{{cite book| author = Gerald L. Posner| authorlink = Gerald Posner| title = Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK| url = http://books.google.com/?id=sj13AAAAMAAJ| year = 1993| publisher = Random House Inc| isbn = 978-0-679-41825-2| page = 428 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=290 FBI Interview of David Ferrie], 25 November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89, 199-200.</ref> The FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology.<ref name="aarclibrary126">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0065b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.</ref> (A later investigation, by the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]], concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation ... at the time of the assassination was not thorough.")<ref name="aarclibrary126"/>

In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination. [[Guy Banister]] had died of a heart attack in 1964,<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]] ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 226.</ref> but Garrison re-interviewed [[Jack Martin (investigator)|Jack Martin]], who told the district attorney that Banister and his associates were involved in stealing weapons and ammunition from armories and in [[arms trafficking|gunrunning]]. Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms smuggling ring supplying anti-Castro Cubans with weapons."<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| page = 40 }}</ref>

Journalist James Phelan said Garrison told him that the assassination was a "homosexual thrill killing."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimloon5.htm |title=Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing |publisher=Jfkassassination.net |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> As Garrison continued his investigation he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, which he believed included David Ferrie, Guy Banister, and [[Clay Shaw]] (director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans), were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison would later say that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's foreign policy, especially Kennedy's efforts to find a political, rather than a military, solution in [[Cuba]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and his efforts toward a rapprochement with the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="jfklancer1967"/><ref name="Garrison, Jim 1988 p. 12"/> Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| pages = 26–27 }}</ref> News of Garrison's investigation was reported in the [[New Orleans States-Item]] on February 17, 1967.<ref name="maebrussell.com"/><ref>New Orleans States-Item, February 17, 1967</ref>

On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation, [[David Ferrie]], then his chief suspect, was found dead in his apartment from a [[cerebral hemorrhage|Berry Aneurysm]]. Garrison suspected that Ferrie had been murdered despite the coroner's report that his death was due to natural causes.<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| page = 141 }}</ref> According to Garrison, the day news of the investigation broke, Ferrie had called his aide Lou Ivon and warned that "I'm a dead man".<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| page = 138 }}</ref>

With Ferrie dead, Garrison began to focus his attention on [[Clay Shaw]], director of the International Trade Mart. Garrison had Shaw arrested on March 1, 1967, charging him with being part of a conspiracy in the [[John F. Kennedy assassination]].

Earlier, Garrison had been searching for a "Clay Bertrand," a man referred to in the [[Warren Commission]] report.<ref name="Commission Exhibit No. 1931"/> New Orleans attorney [[Dean Andrews Jr.|Dean Andrews]] testified to the Warren Commission that while he was hosptialized for pneumonia, he received a call from "Clay Bertrand" the day after the assassination, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent [[Lee Harvey Oswald]].<ref name="history-matters.com"/><ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 p. 241"/> According to FBI reports, Andrews told them that this phone call from "Clay Bertrand" was a figment of his imagination.<ref name="WC_Vol11_0172b p. 334">[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0172b.htm Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr.], Warren Commission Hearings, Volume 11, p. 334.</ref> Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that the reason he told the FBI this was because of FBI harassment.<ref name="WC_Vol11_0172b p. 334"/>

In his book, ''[[On the Trail of the Assassins]]'', Garrison says that after a long search of the New Orleans French Quarter, his staff was informed by the bartender at the tavern “Cosimo’s” that "Clay Bertrand" was the alias that Clay Shaw used. According to Garrison, the bartender felt it was no big secret and “my men began encountering one person after another in the French Quarter who confirmed that it was common knowledge that 'Clay Bertrand' was the name Clay Shaw went by.”<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| pages = 85–86 }}</ref> A February 25, 1967 memo by Garrison investigator Lou Ivon to Jim Garrison states that he could not locate a Clay Bertrand despite numerous inquiries and contacts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm#ivonmemo |title=Lou Ivon: No "Clay Bertrand" |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref>

When Garrison's evidence was presented to a New Orleans grand jury, [[Clay Shaw]] was indicted on a charge that he conspired with David W. Ferrie, [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], and others named and charged to murder John F. Kennedy." A three-judge panel upheld the indictment and ordered Shaw to a jury trial.<ref name="maebrussell.com"/>

==Trial==

Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the mysterious "Clay Bertrand" mentioned in the Warren Commission investigation. In the Warren Commission Report, New Orleans attorney [[Dean Andrews Jr.|Dean Andrews]], claimed that he was contacted the day after the assassination by a "Clay Bertrand" who requested that he go to [[Dallas, Texas]] to represent Lee Harvey Oswald.<ref name="history-matters.com"/><ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 p. 241"/>

At the trial, the prosecution sought to have entered into evidence a fingerprint card with Clay Shaw's signature on it and, which also had on it, Shaw's admission that he had used the alias "Clay Bertrand." In regard to this, Judge Edward Haggerty, after dismissing the jury, conducted a day long hearing, in which he ruled the fingerprint card inadmissible. He said that two policemen had violated Shaw's constitutional rights by not permitting the defendant to have his lawyer present during the fingerprinting. Judge Haggerty also announced that Officer Habighorst had violated ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'' and ''[[Escobedo v. Illinois]]'' by not informing Clay Shaw that he had the right to remain silent. The judge said that Habighorst had violated Shaw's rights by allegedly questioning him about an alias, adding, "Even if he did [ask the question about an alias] it is not admissible." Judge Haggerty exclaimed, "If Officer Habighorst is telling the truth — and I seriously doubt it!" The judge finished with the statement, "I do not believe Officer Habighorst!"<ref>[[James Kirkwood, Jr.|James Kirkwood]], ''[[American Grotesque]]'' (New York: Harper, 1992), [http://www.jfkassassination.net/shawbook.txt pp. 353-59]</ref>

Jim Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo. Russo testified that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist [[David Ferrie]]. At the party, Russo said that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.<ref name="jfk-online1969"/> Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that some of his testimony was induced by hypnotism and by the drug [[sodium pentothal]], sometimes called "truth serum."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo3.txt |title=Memorandum, February 28, 1967, ''Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital on February 27, 1967'' |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref>Lambert, ''False Witness'', pp.72-73.</ref>

Moreover, a memo detailing a pre-hypnosis interview with Russo in Baton Rouge, along with two hypnosis session transcripts, had been given to ''Saturday Evening Post'' reporter James Phelan by Garrison. There were differences between the two accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/willing.htm |title=Way Too Willing Witness|author=Reitzes, Dave |publisher=[[Marquette University]]|accessdate=2013-11-23}}</ref> Both Russo and Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra testified under cross examination that more was said at the interview, but omitted from the pre-hypnosis memorandum. James Phelan testified that Russo admitted to him in March 1967 that a February 25 memorandum of the interview, which contained no recollection of an "assassination party," was accurate.<ref>James Phelan, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/phelan.htm "Rush to Judgment in New Orleans", ''Saturday Evening Post'', May 6, 1967.]</ref> In several public interviews, such as one shown in the video ''The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes'', Russo reiterates the same account of an "assassination party" that he gave at the trial.<ref>[http://www.redshift.com/~damason/lhreport/articles/perry.html ''The Lighthouse Report'', "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo"], Will Robinson, 10 October 1992.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49y3JlHWsFM The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes], [[John Barbour (actor)|John Barbour]], 1992.</ref>

In addition to the issue of Russo's credibility, Garrison's case also included other questionable witnesses, such as Vernon Bundy, a heroin addict, and Charles Spiesel, who testified that he had been repeatedly hypnotized by government agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jimlie7.htm |title=Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |date=1969-02-08 |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> Defenders of Garrison, such as journalist and researcher [[Jim Marrs]], argue that Garrison's case was hampered by missing witnesses that Garrison had sought out. These witnesses included right-wing Cuban exile, [[Sergio Arcacha Smith]], head of the [[CIA]]-backed, anti-Castro [[Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front]] in New Orleans, a group that David Ferrie was reputedly "extremely active in",<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0066a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.</ref> and a group that maintained an office in the same building as Guy Bannister.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0057b.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 110.</ref> According to Garrison, these witnesses had fled New Orleans to states whose governors refused to honor Garrison's extradition requests.<ref name="maebrussell.com"/><ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| pages = 181–182 }}</ref> Sergio Arcacha Smith had left New Orleans well before Garrison began his investigation<ref>Warren Commission Exhibit No. 1414 (Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXII, 828-30). "Arcacha moved from New Orleans to Miami in October 1962, and from Miami to Houston in January 1963, and took a job as an air conditioning salesman in March 1963" (House Select Committee Statement of Mrs. Sergio Arcacha Smith, undated; David Blackburst, Newsgroup post of November 29, 1997).</ref> and was willing to speak with Garrison's investigators if he was allowed to have legal representation present.{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ripples.htm#N_263_ |title=citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967 |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref>  Further, witnesses Gordon Novel from Ohio may have been extradited if Garrison pressed the case in Ohio{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}<ref>Edward J. Epstein, The Assassination Chronicles, New York, 1992, p. 248</ref> and Sandra Moffett was offered by the defense but opposed by Garrison's prosecution.{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}<ref>Shaw trial transcript, Feb. 6, 1969, pp. 5-13</ref>

The testimony of witnesses who placed Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and Oswald together in Clinton, Louisiana the summer before the assassination has also been deemed not credible by some researchers, including [[Gerald Posner]] and Patricia Lambert.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clinton1.htm |title=Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> When the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] released its Final Report in 1979, it stated that after interviewing the Clinton witnesses it "found that the Clinton witnesses were credible and significant" and that "it was the judgment of the committee that they were telling the truth as they knew it."<ref name="HSCA Final Assassinations Report"/>

==Verdict and juror reaction==

At the trial's conclusion — after the prosecution and the defense had presented their cases — the jury took 54 minutes on March 1, 1969, to find Clay Shaw not guilty.

Attorney and author [[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]] said that he interviewed several jurors after the trial. Although these interviews have never been published, Lane said that some of the jurors believed that Garrison had in fact proven a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, but that Garrison had not adequately linked the conspiracy to Shaw or provided a motive.<ref>[[Mark Lane (author)|Mark Lane]]. ''Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK?'', (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991), p. 221.</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Jordan Publishing|author2=William Davy | title = Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation| url = http://books.google.com/?id=anQBAAAACAAJ| date = May 1999| isbn = 978-0-9669716-0-6| page = 173 }}</ref> Author and playwright [[James Kirkwood, Jr.|James Kirkwood]], who was a personal friend of Clay Shaw, said that he spoke to several jury members who denied ever speaking to Lane.<ref>James Kirkwood. ''American Grotesque'' (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 510</ref> Kirkwood also cast doubt on Lane's claim that the jury believed there was a conspiracy.<ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jimlie5.htm summary of Kirkwood's research and juror responses], James Kirkwood. ''American Grotesque'' (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 557.</ref> In his book ''American Grotesque'', Kirkwood said that jury foreman Sidney Hebert told him: "I didn't think too much of the Warren Report either until the trial. Now I think a lot more of it than I did before...."<ref>James Kirkwood. ''American Grotesque'' (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 511.</ref>

==Aftermath==
Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of the JFK assassination and the subsequent trial called ''[[On the Trail of the Assassins]]''. This book served as one of the main sources for [[Oliver Stone|Oliver Stone's]] movie ''[[JFK (film)|JFK]]''. In the movie, this trial serves as the back story for Stone's account of the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]].

In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "...lent substantial credence to the possibility that Oswald and [David] Ferrie had been involved in
the same [Civil Air Patrol] C.A.P. unit during the same period of time."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol], House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.</ref> Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol], House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110-115.</ref>

[[File:Ciravolo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans [[Civil Air Patrol]] in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.]]
In 1993, the PBS television program ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. ''Frontline'' executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P., and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS ''Frontline'' "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates). {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5QisGaGTa|date =2007-07-30}}</ref>

In a 1992 interview, Edward Haggerty, who was the judge at the Clay Shaw trial, stated: "I believe he [Shaw] was lying to the jury.  Of course, the jury probably believed him.  But I think Shaw put a good con job on the jury."<ref>[[IMDbTitle:0103801|Edward Haggerty interviewed in the documentary ''Beyond "JFK": The Question of Conspiracy'']]</ref>

In ''[[On the Trail of the Assassins]]'', Garrison states that Shaw had an "...extensive international role as an employee of the CIA."<ref>{{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the trail of the assassins: my investigation and prosecution of the murder of President Kennedy| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vtt3AAAAMAAJ| date = November 1988| publisher = Sheridan Square Pubns| isbn = 978-0-941781-02-2| page = 87 }}</ref>  Shaw denied that he had had any connection with the CIA.<ref name="penthouse">{{cite web |year=2007 |url = http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html|title = The Penthouse Interview with Clay Shaw|publisher = [[Penthouse (magazine)|penthouse]]| accessdate = 2007-12-18 | last=James Phelan}}</ref>

In 1979, [[Richard Helms]], former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Clay Shaw had been a part-time contact of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to Latin America.<ref name=Holland>{{cite journal|last=Holland|first=Max|title=The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination|journal=Studies in Intelligence|year=2001|issue=Fall-Winter 2001; 11|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article02.html|accessdate=August 15, 2014|authorlink=Max Holland|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> By the mid-1970s, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, and journalists, etc.) had provided such information to the DCS.<ref>Final Report of the Subcommittee on the Assassination of John F. Kennedy of the Select Committee on Assassinations, House of Representatives, p. 218</ref> In 1996, the CIA revealed that Clay Shaw had obtained a "five Agency" clearance in 1949.<ref>{{cite web | title =  ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT |publisher = Central Intelligence Agency |url = http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000904662.pdf |format = pdf |date = 1996-05-14 |accessdate = 2013-11-25 |page = 5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| author = Joe G. Biles| title = In History's Shadow: Lee Harvey Oswald, Kerry Thornley| url = http://books.google.com/?id=wqFYuGkO79MC| date = April 2002| publisher = Writers Club Press| isbn = 978-0-595-22455-5 }}
* Milton Brener, ''The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power''.
* {{cite book| author = Jordan Publishing|author2=William Davy | title = Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation| url = http://books.google.com/?id=anQBAAAACAAJ| date = May 1999| isbn = 978-0-9669716-0-6 }}
* Jim Garrison, ''A Heritage of Stone'' (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8
* {{cite book| author = Jim Garrison| title = On the Trail of the Assassins| url = http://books.google.com/?id=YK2xPwAACAAJ| date = 1991-12-01| publisher = Grand Central Publishing| isbn = 978-0-446-36277-1 }}
* {{cite book| author = James Kirkwood| title = American grotesque: an account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison Kennedy assassination trial in the city of New Orleans| url = http://books.google.com/?id=9bK6NwAACAAJ| date = 1992-11-05| publisher = Perennial| isbn = 978-0-06-097523-4 }}
* {{cite book| author = Patricia Lambert| title = False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK| url = http://books.google.com/?id=0UKrOQAACAAJ| date = 2000-09-25| publisher = M Evans & Co| isbn = 978-0-87131-920-3 }}
* {{cite book| author = Joan Mellen| title = A farewell to justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history| url = http://books.google.com/?id=scug_gAfL-wC| date = 2005-10-19| publisher = Potomac Books Inc| isbn = 978-1-57488-973-4 }}
* {{cite book| author = Anthony Summers| title = Not in your lifetime| url = http://books.google.com/?id=zVaCQgAACAAJ| date = September 1998| publisher = Marlowe & Co| isbn = 978-1-56924-739-6 }}
* Harold Weisberg, ''Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A.'' (New York: Canyon Books, 1967) ISBN B-000-6BTIS-S

==External links==
* [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/trial/contents.htm ''Louisiana v. Clay Shaw'' (1969) trial transcript]
* [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/grandjury/contents.htm Orleans Parish Grand Jury transcripts]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/hangon.html Esquire December 1968 interview with Clay Shaw, James Kirkwood]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm Jim Garrison and New Orleans]
* [http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html Jim Garrison Interview, ''Playboy'' magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html Penthouse interview with Clay Shaw]
* [http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimlie.htm Small Lies, Big Lies, and Outright Whoppers]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.htm Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 1, 1969.]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session2.htm Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 12, 1969.]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/jfkaudio.html JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources] - mp3s of Garrison speaking
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/ang-spy.htm CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness], Real History Archives
* [http://www.kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=20740 Joan Mellen speaks about her book, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination and the Case That Should Have Changed History" at the Ethical Culture Society in New York City, January 24, 2006.]
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/garrison.htm Garrison's Case for Conspiracy], Real History Archives
* [http://www.posner.com/articles/garrison.htm Garrison Guilty: Another Case Closed, The New York Times Magazine, August 6, 1995]
* [http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/25th_Issue/shaw.html Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together] by Martin Shackelford

{{Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}

[[Category:Trials in the United States]]
[[Category:Assassination of John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]