Civil War Causes - States' Rights - Revision history

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2023-10-31T01:07:42Z

Video

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	<iframe src="https://~~classroomexplorations~~.org/h5p/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&id=134" width="350" height="600" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" title="States Rights"></iframe><script src="https://~~classroomexplorations~~.org/h5p/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/js/h5p-resizer.js" charset="UTF-8"></script>		<iframe src="https://www.lessonresources.org/h5p/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&id=134" width="350" height="600" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" title="States Rights"></iframe><script src="https://www.lessonresources.org/h5p/wp-content/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/js/h5p-resizer.js" charset="UTF-8"></script>
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	[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=Civil War Causes - Slavery]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]<br>[[Image:return.jpg\|100px\|link=US History - The Causes of the Civil War Webquest - Task]]</center>		[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=Civil War Causes - Slavery]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]<br>[[Image:return.jpg\|100px\|link=US History - The Causes of the Civil War Webquest - Task]]</center>

Admin at 14:47, 22 August 2023

2023-08-22T14:47:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 22 August 2023
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	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without Jefferson's passage eliminating slavery, the United States of America would be born an independent partial slave owning country, leaving the passage in, the document would never be adopted and would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government. The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without Jefferson's passage eliminating slavery, the United States of America would be born an independent partial slave owning country, leaving the passage in, the document would never be adopted and would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government. The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>

	~~<br>~~		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"><br>The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">~~South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>~~

	<br>
	~~<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"~~>The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>

Admin: /* States' Rights */

2023-08-22T14:45:41Z

States' Rights

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 22 August 2023
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	[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]		[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]

	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation. </span>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished.</span>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"~~><br~~>The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this federalist principle.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"> The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this federalist principle.</span>

	<br>		<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without Jefferson's passage eliminating slavery, the United States of America would be born an independent partial slave owning country, leaving the passage in, the document would never be adopted and would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government. The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without Jefferson's passage eliminating slavery, the United States of America would be born an independent partial slave owning country, leaving the passage in, the document would never be adopted and would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government. The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>
	~~::<br>~~

			<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>

	::<br>		<br>

	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>

Admin: /* States' Rights */

2023-08-22T14:44:20Z

States' Rights

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 22 August 2023
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]		[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]

	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.</span>		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;"><br>The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this federalist principle.</span>

			<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without Jefferson's passage eliminating slavery, the United States of America would be born an independent partial slave owning country, leaving the passage in, the document would never be adopted and would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government. The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >~~The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over~~ the ~~federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right~~ to ~~keep slaves and take them wherever they wished~~.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>

	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The ~~appeal~~ to states~~' rights is of~~ the ~~most potent symbols~~ of the ~~American Civil War, but confusion abounds~~ as to the ~~historical and present meaning of this federalist principle~~.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The ~~concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America~~ in ~~the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use~~ to ~~making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of~~ the ~~rules imposed on them from abroad~~. ~~During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption~~ of the ~~declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way~~ and ~~remove Jefferson~~'~~s passage. Without it the United States~~ of ~~America would be born an independent slave owning country, leaving~~ the ~~passage in the document would doom America's chances of breaking~~ free ~~from Great Britain as one country~~. ~~The choice at~~ the ~~time was clear~~, ~~Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue~~ of ~~slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence~~ was ~~not a document on the structure and plan of government~~.~~  The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights~~, ~~and slavery was addressed by prohibiting~~ the ~~importation~~ of ~~foreign slaves to individual states and lending~~ their ~~support~~ to ~~a proposal by Jefferson to ban~~ slavery in ~~the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In~~ fact, ~~the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept~~ it~~; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without~~ a ~~Bill of Rights~~.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">The Missouri Compromise in 1820 tried to solve the problem but succeeded only temporarily. (It established lands west of the Mississippi and below latitude 36º30' as slave and north of the line—except Missouri—as free.) Abolitionist groups sprang up in the North, making Southerners feel that their way of life was under attack. A violent slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia, Nat Turner’s Rebellion, forced the South to close ranks against criticism out of fear for their lives. They began to argue that slavery was not only necessary, but in fact, it was a positive good.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>
	~~<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>~~

			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">As the North and the South became more and more different, their goals and desires also separated. Arguments over national policy grew even fiercer. The North’s economic progress as the Southern economy began to stall fueled the fires of resentment. By the 1840s and 1850s, North and South had each evolved extreme positions that had as much to do with serving their own political interests as with the morality of slavery.</span>
	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >~~The debate over which powers rightly belonged~~ to the states and ~~which~~ to the ~~Federal Government became heated again~~ in the ~~1820s~~ and ~~1830s fueled by~~ the ~~divisive issue~~ of ~~whether slavery would be allowed in~~ the ~~new territories forming as~~ the ~~nation expanded westward~~.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">As long as there were an equal number of slave-holding states in the South as non-slave-holding states in the North, the two regions had even representation in the Senate and neither could dictate to the other. However, each new territory that applied for statehood threatened to upset this balance of power. Southerners consistently argued for states rights and a weak federal government but it was not until the 1850s that they raised the issue of secession. Southerners argued that, having ratified the Constitution and having agreed to join the new nation in the late 1780s, they retained the power to cancel the agreement and they threatened to do just that unless, as South Carolinian John C. Calhoun put it, the Senate passed a constitutional amendment to give back to the South “the power she possessed of protecting herself before the equilibrium of the two sections was destroyed.”</span>
	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >~~The Missouri Compromise~~ in ~~1820 tried to solve~~ the ~~problem but succeeded only temporarily. (It established lands west~~ of the ~~Mississippi and below latitude 36º30' as slave~~ and ~~north of~~ the ~~line—except Missouri—as free~~.~~) Abolitionist groups sprang up in the North~~, ~~making~~ Southerners ~~feel~~ that ~~their way~~ of ~~life~~ was ~~under attack~~. ~~A violent slave revolt~~ in ~~1831 in Virginia~~, ~~Nat Turner’s Rebellion~~, ~~forced the South~~ to ~~close ranks against criticism out of fear for~~ their ~~lives~~. ~~They began to argue that slavery~~ was ~~not only necessary, but~~ in ~~fact, it was a positive good~~.</span>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Controversial—but peaceful—attempts at a solution included legal compromises, arguments, and debates such as the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, Senator Lewis Cass’ idea of popular sovereignty in the late 1840s, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in 1858. However well-meaning, Southerners felt that the laws favored the Northern economy and were designed to slowly stifle the South out of existence. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the only pieces of legislation clearly in favor of the South. It meant that Northerners in free states were obligated, regardless of their feelings towards slavery, to turn escaped slaves who had made it North back over to their Southern masters. Northerners strongly resented the law and it was one of the inspirations for the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.</span>

	::<br>		::<br>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >As the North and the South became more and more different, their goals and desires also separated. Arguments over national policy grew even fiercer. The North’s economic progress as the Southern economy began to stall fueled the fires of resentment. By the 1840s and 1850s, North and South had each evolved extreme positions that had as much to do with serving their own political interests as with the morality of slavery.</span>
	~~::<br>~~
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >As long as there were an equal number of slave-holding states in the South as non-slave-holding states in the North, the two regions had even representation in the Senate and neither could dictate to the other. However, each new territory that applied for statehood threatened to upset this balance of power. Southerners consistently argued for states rights and a weak federal government but it was not until the 1850s that they raised the issue of secession. Southerners argued that, having ratified the Constitution and having agreed to join the new nation in the late 1780s, they retained the power to cancel the agreement and they threatened to do just that unless, as South Carolinian John C. Calhoun put it, the Senate passed a constitutional amendment to give back to the South “the power she possessed of protecting herself before the equilibrium of the two sections was destroyed.”</span>
	~~::<br>~~
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >Controversial—but peaceful—attempts at a solution included legal compromises, arguments, and debates such as the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, Senator Lewis Cass’ idea of popular sovereignty in the late 1840s, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in 1858. However well-meaning, Southerners felt that the laws favored the Northern economy and were designed to slowly stifle the South out of existence. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the only pieces of legislation clearly in favor of the South. It meant that Northerners in free states were obligated, regardless of their feelings towards slavery, to turn escaped slaves who had made it North back over to their Southern masters. Northerners strongly resented the law and it was one of the inspirations for the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.</span>

	~~::<br>~~		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;">Non-violent attempts at resolution culminated in violence in 1859 when Northern abolitionist John Brown abandoned discussion and took direct action in a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid confirmed Southern fears of a Northern conspiracy to end slavery. When anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860, Southerners were sure that the North meant to take away their right to govern themselves, abolish slavery, and destroy the Southern economy. Having exhausted their legal and political options, they felt that the only way to protect themselves from this Northern assault was to no longer be a part of the United States of America. Although the Southern states seceded separately, without intending to form a new nation, they soon banded together in a loose coalition. Northerners, however, led by Abraham Lincoln, viewed secession as an illegal act. The Confederate States of America was not a new country, they felt, but a group of treasonous rebels.</span>
	<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >Non-violent attempts at resolution culminated in violence in 1859 when Northern abolitionist John Brown abandoned discussion and took direct action in a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid confirmed Southern fears of a Northern conspiracy to end slavery. When anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860, Southerners were sure that the North meant to take away their right to govern themselves, abolish slavery, and destroy the Southern economy. Having exhausted their legal and political options, they felt that the only way to protect themselves from this Northern assault was to no longer be a part of the United States of America. Although the Southern states seceded separately, without intending to form a new nation, they soon banded together in a loose coalition. Northerners, however, led by Abraham Lincoln, viewed secession as an illegal act. The Confederate States of America was not a new country, they felt, but a group of treasonous rebels.</span>
	== Video ==		== Video ==
	<center>		<center>

Admin at 14:40, 22 August 2023

2023-08-22T14:40:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:40, 22 August 2023
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	= States' Rights =		= States' Rights =

	[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.		[[file:statesrights.jpg\|300px\|left\|]]
	::

	The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished.		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >States’ Rights refers to the struggle between the federal government and individual states over political power. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. The sides of this debate were largely drawn between northern and southern states, thus widened the growing divide within the nation.</span>
	::		::<br>
	The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this federalist principle.		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support, especially laws interfering with the South's right to keep slaves and take them wherever they wished.</span>
	::		::<br>
	The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution ~~and the establishment of a united country~~. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The appeal to states' rights is of the most potent symbols of the American Civil War, but confusion abounds as to the historical and present meaning of this federalist principle.</span>
	::		::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The concept of states' rights had been an old idea by 1860. The original thirteen colonies in America in the 1700s, separated from the mother country in Europe by a vast ocean, were use to making many of their own decisions and ignoring quite a few of the rules imposed on them from abroad. During the American Revolution, the founding fathers created the Declaration of Independence which eliminated slavery, but during the debates over adoption of the declaration, the Southern states promised to end independence if they did not get their way and remove Jefferson's passage. Without it the United States of America would be born an independent slave owning country, leaving the passage in the document would doom America's chances of breaking free from Great Britain as one country. The choice at the time was clear, Independence first, win the revolution, and then address the issue of slavery down the road. After the Declaration the Continental Congress created the Articles of Confederation as a governmental document since the Declaration of Independence was not a document on the structure and plan of government.  The Articles of Confederation overwhelmingly favored States' Rights, and slavery was addressed by prohibiting the importation of foreign slaves to individual states and lending their support to a proposal by Jefferson to ban slavery in the Northwest Territory. During the Constitutional Convention the framers were forced to compromise with the states to ensure ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the original Constitution banned slavery, but Virginia would not accept it; and Massachusetts would not ratify the document without a Bill of Rights.</span>
			::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >South Carolinians crowd into the streets of Charleston in 1860 to hear speeches promoting secession.</span>

	South ~~Carolinians crowd into~~ the ~~streets~~ of ~~Charleston~~ in ~~1860~~ to ~~hear speeches promoting~~ secession.		::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.</span>
			::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >The Missouri Compromise in 1820 tried to solve the problem but succeeded only temporarily. (It established lands west of the Mississippi and below latitude 36º30' as slave and north of the line—except Missouri—as free.) Abolitionist groups sprang up in the North, making Southerners feel that their way of life was under attack. A violent slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia, Nat Turner’s Rebellion, forced the South to close ranks against criticism out of fear for their lives. They began to argue that slavery was not only necessary, but in fact, it was a positive good.</span>
			::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >As the North and the South became more and more different, their goals and desires also separated. Arguments over national policy grew even fiercer. The North’s economic progress as the Southern economy began to stall fueled the fires of resentment. By the 1840s and 1850s, North and South had each evolved extreme positions that had as much to do with serving their own political interests as with the morality of slavery.</span>
			::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >As long as there were an equal number of slave-holding states in the South as non-slave-holding states in the North, the two regions had even representation in the Senate and neither could dictate to the other. However, each new territory that applied for statehood threatened to upset this balance of power. Southerners consistently argued for states rights and a weak federal government but it was not until the 1850s that they raised the issue of secession. Southerners argued that, having ratified the Constitution and having agreed to join the new nation in the late 1780s, they retained the power to cancel the agreement and they threatened to do just that unless, as South Carolinian John C. Calhoun put it, the Senate passed a constitutional amendment to give back to the South “the power she possessed of protecting herself before the equilibrium of the two sections was destroyed.”</span>
			::<br>
			<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >Controversial—but peaceful—attempts at a solution included legal compromises, arguments, and debates such as the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, Senator Lewis Cass’ idea of popular sovereignty in the late 1840s, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in 1858. However well-meaning, Southerners felt that the laws favored the Northern economy and were designed to slowly stifle the South out of existence. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the only pieces of legislation clearly in favor of the South. It meant that Northerners in free states were obligated, regardless of their feelings towards slavery, to turn escaped slaves who had made it North back over to their Southern masters. Northerners strongly resented the law and it was one of the inspirations for the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.</span>

	::		::<br>
	The debate over which powers rightly belonged to the states and which to the Federal Government became heated again in the 1820s and 1830s fueled by the divisive issue of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories forming as the nation expanded westward.		<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: georgia, palatino;" >Non-violent attempts at resolution culminated in violence in 1859 when Northern abolitionist John Brown abandoned discussion and took direct action in a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid confirmed Southern fears of a Northern conspiracy to end slavery. When anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860, Southerners were sure that the North meant to take away their right to govern themselves, abolish slavery, and destroy the Southern economy. Having exhausted their legal and political options, they felt that the only way to protect themselves from this Northern assault was to no longer be a part of the United States of America. Although the Southern states seceded separately, without intending to form a new nation, they soon banded together in a loose coalition. Northerners, however, led by Abraham Lincoln, viewed secession as an illegal act. The Confederate States of America was not a new country, they felt, but a group of treasonous rebels.</span>
	::
	The Missouri Compromise in 1820 tried to solve the problem but succeeded only temporarily. (It established lands west of the Mississippi and below latitude 36º30' as slave and north of the line—except Missouri—as free.) Abolitionist groups sprang up in the North, making Southerners feel that their way of life was under attack. A violent slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia, Nat Turner’s Rebellion, forced the South to close ranks against criticism out of fear for their lives. They began to argue that slavery was not only necessary, but in fact, it was a positive good.
	::
	As the North and the South became more and more different, their goals and desires also separated. Arguments over national policy grew even fiercer. The North’s economic progress as the Southern economy began to stall fueled the fires of resentment. By the 1840s and 1850s, North and South had each evolved extreme positions that had as much to do with serving their own political interests as with the morality of slavery.
	::
	~~As long as there were an equal number of slave~~-holding states in the South as non-slave-holding states in the North, the two regions had even representation in the Senate and neither could dictate to the other. However, each new territory that applied for statehood threatened to upset this balance of power. Southerners consistently argued for states rights and a weak federal government but it was not until the 1850s that they raised the issue of secession. Southerners argued that, having ratified the Constitution and having agreed to join the new nation in the late 1780s, they retained the power to cancel the agreement and they threatened to do just that unless, as South Carolinian John C. Calhoun put it, the Senate passed a constitutional amendment to give back to the South “the power she possessed of protecting herself before the equilibrium of the two sections was destroyed.”
	::

	Controversial—but peaceful—attempts at a solution included legal compromises, arguments, and debates such as the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, Senator Lewis Cass’ idea of popular sovereignty in the late 1840s, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and the Lincoln-Douglas Debates in 1858. However well-meaning, Southerners felt that the laws favored the Northern economy and were designed to slowly stifle the South out of existence. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the only pieces of legislation clearly in favor of the South. It meant that Northerners in free states were obligated, regardless of their feelings towards slavery, to turn escaped slaves who had made it North back over to their Southern masters. Northerners strongly resented the law and it was one of the inspirations for the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.

	::
	Non-violent attempts at resolution culminated in violence in 1859 when Northern abolitionist John Brown abandoned discussion and took direct action in a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Though unsuccessful, the raid confirmed Southern fears of a Northern conspiracy to end slavery. When anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860, Southerners were sure that the North meant to take away their right to govern themselves, abolish slavery, and destroy the Southern economy. Having exhausted their legal and political options, they felt that the only way to protect themselves from this Northern assault was to no longer be a part of the United States of America. Although the Southern states seceded separately, without intending to form a new nation, they soon banded together in a loose coalition. Northerners, however, led by Abraham Lincoln, viewed secession as an illegal act. The Confederate States of America was not a new country, they felt, but a group of treasonous rebels.
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2023-08-22T03:25:22Z

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	[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=Civil War Causes - Slavery]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]<br>[[Image:return.jpg\|100px\|link=US History - The Causes of the Civil War Webquest - Task]]</center>		[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=Civil War Causes - Slavery]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]<br>[[Image:return.jpg\|100px\|link=US History - The Causes of the Civil War Webquest - Task]]</center>

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2023-08-22T01:08:04Z

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	<big>[https://www.classroomexplorations.org/wiki/classroom/video/CivilWar/StatesRights.mp4 States Rights]</big>		<big>[https://www.classroomexplorations.org/wiki/classroom/video/CivilWar/StatesRights.mp4 States Rights]</big>
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2023-07-14T01:22:26Z

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	<big>[https://www.~~learnsocialstudies~~.org/wiki/classroom/video/CivilWar/StatesRights.mp4 States Rights]</big>		<big>[https://www.classroomexplorations.org/wiki/classroom/video/CivilWar/StatesRights.mp4 States Rights]</big>
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	[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=~~US History - The Causes of the~~ Civil War ~~Webquest~~ - ~~Task~~]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]</center>		[[file:previous.jpg\|75px\|link=Civil War Causes - Slavery]][[Image:next.jpg\|75px\|link=Causes of the Civil War - Abolitionist Movement]]</center>

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