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{{Infobox turning point
|historical_event = Ancient Greece
|historical_image = [[file:ancientgreecemap.jpg|center|300px|]]
|historical_dates = c.800 - 146BCE
|historical_where = Balkan Peninsula - Europe
|historical_person1 = Pericles - Leader of Athens
|historical_person2 = Alexander The Great - Unites Greece
|historical_person3 = Xerxes - Persian King (Persian War)
|historical_person4 = Darius III - Persian King (Defeated by Alexander)
|historical_person5 =
|historical_person6 =
|historical_person7 =
|historical_what = Greece is a mountainous region of south-eastern which allows for city-states to develop along protected mountain tops and valleys. Ancient Greece has two powerful city-states, Athens & Sparta. One is intellectual (Athens) and one is military (Sparta). Athens & Sparta and other Greek city-states constantly fought each other, most notably in the Peloponnesian War (434-404BCE). Most of Greece does not unite unless facing their enemy again, the Persians. They fought the Persians many times and Athens was eventually destroyed in 480BCE. Pericles rebuilds city and restores democracy. Only during the time of Alexander The Great does Greece defeat them for good. Alexander conquers the known world and makes his capital in Babylon in Mesopotamia. After his death, the spread of Greek culture occurs also known as Hellenism. His empire is split into different empires each controlled by his generals.
|historical_causes = City-States with their own types of government (Democracy - Athens, Dual Monarchy - Sparta, and Oligarchy)
|historical_outcomes = Greece becomes the intellectual home of math and science, poets, writers, playwrights, philosophers, architects, sculptors, and inventors led by Athens. Democracy develops in Athens under Pericles who rebuilds the city after it is destroyed by the Spartans and Persians. Ancient Rome will build their civilization on Greek ideas, and the Renaissance will revive Greek and Roman culture after the Middle Ages.
|}}

== Geography & Its Impact on Ancient Greece ==
Greece is a rocky peninsula with lots of mountains. Few crops can grow in its stony soil. But Greece is surrounded by water,which is its greatest natural resource. Ancient Greeks depended on the sea for fishing and trade.
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<mediaplayer width='500' height='300'>http://www.myextrahelpteacher.com/socialstudies/video/3.flv</mediaplayer>
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== Government ==
As their population grew, ancient Greeks formed city-states. A city-state had a central city called a polis. Each city-state had its own form of government and laws.All the city-states shared a common language, religion, and way of life.

Three kinds of government were common in the Greek city-states. In an oligarchy, a few powerful and wealthy people ruled. Other city-states were ruled by a single person who took control against the wishes of the people. This kind of government is called a tyranny. Some city-states were democracies. In a democracy, people take part in their own government by voting directly for issues that were important at the time to the citizens.

== Athens & Sparta ==
Two of the most important city-states were Athens and Sparta. Athens, located in the center of the Greek Peninsula, was a democracy. Sparta was in the southern part of the Greek Peninsula. It was an oligarchy ruled by two kings. Some of the most important aspects of each are listed below.

[[file:athensvsparta.jpg|500px|center|]]

== Learning and the Arts ==
The ancient Greeks were known for their great literature, learning, and architecture. Plays are among the finest pieces of literature from ancient Greece. Some modern operas and
films are based on these plays.

[[file:socrates.jpg|200px|left|]] Ancient Greece had several important thinkers called philosophers. Socrates was a well-known philosopher. He taught about knowledge, friendship, and justice. One of Socrates’ students was a philosopher named Plato. Plato wrote about government, mathematics, and astronomy. He also wrote about how people behaved. Plato taught another famous philosopher, Aristotle, who in turn was Alexander the Great's tutor.

== Ancient Greek Architecture==
Of all the ancient architectural styles, Greek architecture has proven to be the most enduring. Sure, the Egyptians built some impressive structures, and the Romans pulled off some amazing feats of engineering. But you don't see us building pyramids anymore - at least, nowhere but Vegas - and even Roman engineering marvels incorporated Greek form and style.
Greek architecture is more than just impressive, it is timeless. You don't have to dig in ruins to find Greek architecture; it's all around you. Don't believe me? Go visit a civic structure, city hall, a theatre, a bank, a library, a museum. Or, if you're really ambitious, head to DC (or any Western capitol for that matter). What do you see? Columns, columns, columns, columns, columns. In short, if you want a Westerner to think something is important, put columns on it - and not just any columns, Greek columns.

[[file:greekcolumns.jpg|center|500px|]]

Greek columns are found in many buildings of importance in the West Greek Columns. Greek columns come in three varieties, or orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. All three share the same fluted column, or drum. Where they differ is at the top, what is called the capital of the column. And what better place to learn about column capitals than at our nation's capitol? For of all the world's cities, none is more indebted to classical Greek architecture than Washington, DC.

Let us start with the Lincoln Memorial. Look at those lovely columns. These are columns of the Doric order. They're the simplest of the Greek columns, with a tapered disc supporting a square top.

[[file:lincolnmemorial.jpg|center|400px|]]

Now let's skip along to the Jefferson Memorial. See those little curlies at the top? That tells us that these are columns of the Ionic order.

[[file:jeffersonmemorial.jpg|center|400px|]]

Let us end our tour at the Capitol Building itself. See that fancy filigree at the top of the columns? It sort of looks like a very symmetrical plant tried to grow at the top? This is a column of the Corinthian order. Corinthian columns come in many forms, each more ornate than the last, but they all share the same undeniably leafy quality.

[[file:USCapital.jpg|center|400px|]]

There; now you know the three orders of Greek columns and can impress or annoy your friends by pointing them out as you walk around town. Yet there was more to Greek architecture than just columns. The Greeks built breathtaking temples, as well as treasuries, stadiums and theatres.

'''Temples'''

[[file:medoric.jpg|300px|left|]] Your basic Greek temple is a roofed rectangle surrounded by columns. That's me in front of a particularly old Greek temple in Corinth. What sort of columns are those? That's right, Doric. Well done.

[[file:parthenonfriezes.jpg|400px|center|]]

These temples had a long, angled roof, peaking on the short ends to form a triangle called a pediment. These shallow shelters were filled with life-size sculptures. The roof rested upon an even plane called an entablature, which spanned the gaps between columns to provide a solid surface. As temple-building developed, architects added decorations to the entablature called metopes, separated from each other by three lines called a triglyph. Further developments and bigger temples led to the addition of a second row of columns with a continuous decoration called a frieze running along the top.

[[file:parthenon.jpg|400px|center|]]

Inside the temple was a smaller enclosure called a naos lined with its own columns. This was the holiest place of the temple and usually housed an idol of the deity for whom the temple was built. Sometimes the Greeks would switch up column styles within the naos, putting the hefty Doric on the outside and the delicate Ionic or Corinthian within.

Perhaps the most famous Greek temple is the Parthenon. The Athenians began building this temple to Athena in 447 BCE and did not complete it until 15 years later. Like all Greek city-states, the Athenians built their most impressive temples atop the highest point in town, called the acropolis (literally 'high city'). The Parthenon had all the elements of a Greek temple: the columns and entablature, the pediment full of sculptures. It even had the extra features: metopes depicting a battle between Centaurs and Lapiths, the second row of columns with their accompanying frieze depicting a civic procession of Athenians in exquisite detail, and, within, the naos, recreated here by the fine folks at Nashville's Centennial Park: big idol of Athena, delicate Ionic columns on the inside.

[[file:nashvilleparthenon.jpg|400px|center|]]

Yet these images cannot convey the overall effect of this building. You simply have to be there. Standing among the columns, you see the clever tricks of the eye Greek architects used to make the Parthenon tower imposingly. You can see how they tapered the columns at the top to make the building seem taller, a trick they called entasis. As you examine more closely, you notice that there is not a single right angle or straight line in the entire Parthenon. Yet the mind expects right angles, it expects straight lines. By taking advantage of the mind's expectations, the Greek architects could make the Parthenon appear even larger than it actually was. The overall effect is one of airy grandeur.

== War & Alexander's Conquest ==
[[file:alexandermap.jpg|left|600px|]][[file:alexandergreat.jpg|300px|right|]]The city-states of ancient Greece constantly fought with each other over the centuries. If they were not fighting each other they were fighting the Persians. In 338 B.C. they were conquered by King Phillip II of Macedonia. After Phillip died, his son, Alexander the Great, took control. Alexander conquered new lands including the Greek enemy, the Persians. As Alexander's empire expanded so did Greek culture, language, and ideas throughout the Mediterranean and as far east as India. After Alexander's death, the spread of Greek culture is called Hellenism.

== Overview ==

[[file:ancientgreeceppt.jpg]]
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[[file:ancientgreeceppt2.jpg]]

<center>[[Image:previous.jpg|75px|link=Extension - River Valley Civilizations]] [[Image:next.jpg|75px|link=Turning Point - Roman Republic]]</center>
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<center>[[image:viewlist.jpg|125px|link=Turning Points - Process]]</center>

Turning Point - Ancient Greece - Revision history

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