Periodization Part 2: Difference between revisions
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Crusades
During the Crusades, knights asked to go to war for Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church went to the Holy Land and Jerusalem to free the Holy Sites from Muslim control. The wars lasted almost 300 years from 1095 to 1291. Although the Christians never gained complete control of the Holy Land and the Christian sites, Muslims allowed Christians access for worship.
Key Terms:
- Crusade - Holy War
- Muslim - A person who practices the religion of Islam
- Holy Land - An area in the Middle East around Jerusalem during the time of Jesus
- Pope Urban II - Roman Catholic Pope who asked knights to go on the first Crusade.
Commercial Revolution
During the Commercial Revolution, a major change occurred. It was the start of banking and letters of credit. The Italian city-state of Florence and the Medici family made their fortune in this business.
Key Terms:
- Commerce - conducting business
- Medici - Italian banking family from Florence, Italy
Renaissance
The Commercial Revolution and the Crusades created an interest in Middle Eastern and Asian goods. Once this cultural diffusion begins the Byzantine and Islamic empires began exchanging the ancient Greek and Roman ideas. Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages and a new age of art, science, invention, architecture, and literature began. It was called a Renaissance and ideas such as humanism took hold. The age of classic artists such as Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, and others left their mark on society and the world today. Rulers began following the words of Machiavelli and his book, "The Prince" in which a ruler is "better feared, than loved", and "the end justifies the means".
Key Terms:
- Ancient Egypt - Nile River
- Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow River)
- Ancient India - Indus River
- Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- Surplus - More than you need
- Job Specialization - specific job for a person to do
- Characteristics of a Civilization (Complex Government, Laws, Surplus Trade, Cities, Writing)
Age of Exploration
The first major western civilization is Ancient Greece. It is the core of western civilization and democracy. Our notions of democracy comes from the city-state of Athens. Western civilization thinking starts with Ancient Greece and the philosophers; Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Western civilization architecture is greatly influenced by Ancient Greece in building columns; Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian types.
Key Terms:
- Mountains cause development of independent city-states
- Athens = Democracy, philosophy, math, science
- Sparta = Military, Monarchy
- Philosophers = Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- Alexander The Great = United Greece against the Persians, Conquers the known world
- Hellenism = the spreading of Greek Culture after the death of Alexander the Great
Protestant Reformation
The second major western civilization is Ancient Rome. When we study Ancient Rome, we have to look at it as two separate types of governments; Republic and Empire. The republic is based on representatives of the people. and the empire is rule by one person called an emperor. Rome made many conributions to western civilization (see chart). Although Ancient Rome lasted for over 1000 years, it fell in 476 AD/CE to barbarian invasions, wide spread disease, a land area too large to control, and a government unable to support the needs of the people.
Key Terms:
- Republic - A government which uses representatives of the people to rule.
- Empire - the political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, control of people within an area.
- Twelve Tables - Law code of the Romans.
- Aqueducts - Move water from mountains to cities.
- Roads - "All roads lead to Rome" - Vast system to move armies and goods.
Scientific Revolution
Western Europe experienced the most dramatic change in the political, economic, religious, social, and intellectual, all devasting due to the Fall of the Roman Empire. The causes of the fall of the Roman Empire were; disease, an empire too large to administer, government corruption, and many different invaders, collectively known as barbarians. This would send Western Europe into the Dark Ages.
Key Terms:
- Barbarians - invaders who destroyed the Western Roman Empire (Huns, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths)
- Diocletian - Emperor who split the Roman Empire into a Western and Eastern Half
- Contantine - Emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the Eastern half.
- Constantinople - Capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also called the Byzantine Empire)
Key Terms:
First Global Age
The Fall of the Roman Empire plunged Western Europe into the 'Dark Ages in which much of what was Roman was no longer. Many of the institutions of government, law, military, learning, and society collapsed. People lived in small rural communities in which Manorialism was the way of life. No strong centralized government existed. The Roman Catholic Church filled in some of the pieces and gave moral and economic support as best they could. Although Western Euope was in the Dark Ages, the Byzantine Empire was in a Golden Age as well as a new religion called Islam. The Islamic Empires of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate would help preserve the old knowledge of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome as well as new knowlege they developed in math, science, and medicine.
Key Terms:
- Islamic Empire - Golden Age of Islam from 640AD/CE which preserved the Ancient Greek & Roman knowledge.
- Byzantine Empire - Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire which preserved the Ancient Greek & Roman knowledge.
- Justinian Code - Law code of the Byzantine Empire
- Christianity - Becomes the official religion of the Byzantine Empire and outlaws polytheism.
- Caliphate - an Islamic government or state.
- Roman Catholic Church - this institution held most of the political, social, economic, religious, intellectual power during the Dark and Middle Ages.
- Manorialism - A self-sufficient community which consists of a manor house, castle, village, fields, pastures, and a church during the Dark and Middle Ages.
Age of Absolutism
After a while, roughly 500 years, Europe slowly recovered from the Fall of the Roman Empire. This slow recovery was called the Middle Ages. The Roman Catholic Church continued to hold the political, economic, religious, social, and intellectual power during this time period. The political system used for protection of these small kingdoms was Feudalism in which the King or Nobles gave knights land in exchange for their military service. A new enemy was threatening the Roman Catholic Church's power and ability to have access to the Holy Land and Jerusalem, and that threat was the Islamic Caliphate. Pope Urban II called a Crusade or Holy War to remove the Muslims from the Holy Land. The later Middle Ages in England saw some changes to government. King John I was abusing his power and the barrons (nobles) wanted him to agree to limit his power. He did not agree. They surrounded him with his army with their army at a place called Runnymede. They forced him to sign a document called the Magna Carta to limit his power in 1215.
Key Terms:
- Feudalism - Land in exchange for military service for protection
- Crusade - a holy war to free the Holy Land from Islamic control
- Magna Carta - a document signed in 1215 by King John I to limit his power as king
