Periodization Part 1: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 09:38, 23 December 2021
Paleolithic Age
During the Paleolithic Age, people were nomadic and had no permanent shelter. They used hunting and gathering for their food resources. They did not have many characteristics we would call a civilization.
Key Terms:
- Nomadic
- Hunting & Gathering
Neolithic Revolution
During the Neolithic Revolution, a major change occurred. It was the change from hunting and gathering to farming and herding. Another change was from a nomadic lifestyle to living in permanent settlements. In order to achieve this major change a process known as domestication had to occur. This was the training of plants and animals for human use and consumption.
Key Terms:
- Permanent Settlements
- Agriculture - Farming
- Herding (Animals)
- Domestication - making availble for human use or consumption
River Valley Civilizations
As the Neolithic Revolution progressed, people settled along River Valleys. This led to the four major River Valley Civilizations. They are; Mesopotamia with the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East/Asia, Ancient Egypt along the Nile River in Northeast Africa, Indus River Valley Civilizations along the Indus River in India, and Ancient China along the Yellow (Huang He) River.
Key Terms:
- Ancient Egypt - Nile River
- Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow River)
- Ancient India - Indus River
- Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- Surplus - More than you need
- Job Specialization - specific job for a person to do
- Characteristics of a Civilization (Complex Government, Laws, Surplus Trade, Cities, Writing)
Ancient Greece
The first major western civilization is Ancient Greece. It is the core of western civilization and democracy. Our notions of democracy comes from the city-state of Athens. Western civilization thinking starts with Ancient Greece and the philosophers; Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Western civilization architecture is greatly influenced by Ancient Greece in building columns; Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian types.
Key Terms:
- Mountains cause development of independent city-states
- Athens = Democracy, philosophy, math, science
- Sparta = Military, Monarchy
- Philosophers = Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- Alexander The Great = United Greece against the Persians, Conquers the known world
- Hellenism = the spreading of Greek Culture after the death of Alexander the Great
Ancient Rome
The second major western civilization is Ancient Rome. When we study Ancient Rome, we have to look at it as two separate types of governments; Republic and Empire. The republic is based on representatives of the people. and the empire is rule by one person called an emperor. Rome made many conributions to western civilization (see chart). Although Ancient Rome lasted for over 1000 years, it fell in 476 AD/CE to barbarian invasions, wide spread disease, a land area too large to control, and a government unable to support the needs of the people.
Key Terms:
- Republic - A government which uses representatives of the people to rule.
- Empire - the political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, control of people within an area.
- Twelve Tables - Law code of the Romans.
- Aqueducts - Move water from mountains to cities.
- Roads - "All roads lead to Rome" - Vast system to move armies and goods.
Fall of the Roman Empire
Western Europe experienced the most dramatic change in the political, economic, religious, social, and intellectual, all devasting due to the Fall of the Roman Empire. The causes of the fall of the Roman Empire were; disease, an empire too large to administer, government corruption, and many different invaders, collectively known as barbarians. This would send Western Europe into the Dark Ages.
Key Terms:
- Barbarians - invaders who destroyed the Western Roman Empire (Huns, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths)
- Diocletian - Emperor who split the Roman Empire into a Western and Eastern Half
- Contantine - Emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the Eastern half.
- Constantinople - Capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also called the Byzantine Empire)
Key Terms:
Dark Ages
The Fall of the Roman Empire plunged Western Europe into the 'Dark Ages in which much of what was Roman was no longer. Many of the institutions of government, law, military, learning, and society collapsed. People lived in small rural communities in which Manorialism was the way of life. No strong centralized government existed. The Roman Catholic Church filled in some of the pieces and gave moral and economic support as best they could. Although Western Euope was in the Dark Ages, the Byzantine Empire was in a Golden Age as well as a new religion called Islam. The Islamic Empires of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate would help preserve the old knowledge of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome as well as new knowlege they developed in math, science, and medicine.
Key Terms:
- Islamic Empire - Golden Age of Islam from 640AD/CE which preserved the Ancient Greek & Roman knowledge.
- Byzantine Empire - Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire which preserved the Ancient Greek & Roman knowledge.
- Justinian Code - Law code of the Byzantine Empire
- Christianity - Becomes the official religion of the Byzantine Empire and outlaws polytheism.
- Caliphate - an Islamic government or state.
- Roman Catholic Church - this institution held most of the political, social, economic, religious, intellectual power during the Dark and Middle Ages.
- Manorialism - A self-sufficient community which consists of a manor house, castle, village, fields, pastures, and a church during the Dark and Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages
After a while, roughly 500 years, Europe slowly recovered from the Fall of the Roman Empire. This slow recovery was called the Middle Ages. The Roman Catholic Church continued to hold the political, economic, religious, social, and intellectual power during this time period. The political system used for protection of these small kingdoms was Feudalism in which the King or Nobles gave knights land in exchange for their military service. A new enemy was threatening the Roman Catholic Church's power and ability to have access to the Holy Land and Jerusalem, and that threat was the Islamic Caliphate. Pope Urban II called a Crusade or Holy War to remove the Muslims from the Holy Land. The later Middle Ages in England saw some changes to government. King John I was abusing his power and the barrons (nobles) wanted him to agree to limit his power. He did not agree. They surrounded him with his army with their army at a place called Runnymede. They forced him to sign a document called the Magna Carta to limit his power in 1215.
Key Terms:
- Feudalism - Land in exchange for military service for protection
- Crusade - a holy war to free the Holy Land from Islamic control
- Magna Carta - a document signed in 1215 by King John I to limit his power as king
